33-99 No. Via Mufu E. Districte Gulou, Nanjing, Sinus [email protected] | [email protected]
33-99 No. Via Mufu E. Districte Gulou, Nanjing, Sinus [email protected] | [email protected]
Problema conditionis operativae |
Materialis specialis praefertus |
Cur non materiae vulgares |
Materiae substitutae vulgares |
Oleum motoris ad temperaturas altas, fluidum transmutationis, lubricans additivum ad velocitates altas |
ACM/AEM |
NBR senescit cito ad temperaturas altas; HNBR/FKM generalis non necessario apta est ad haec additiva aut ad requisita temperaturarum frigidarum |
HNBR, FKM, NBR specialis |
Productum olei ad temperaturas altas + melior flexibilitas ad temperaturas frigidas |
Aem |
ACM frigus performance inferior ad AEM |
ACM, HNBR, FKM |
Amina, alkali, aqua calida, vapor, certa media acidum-alkali composita |
FEPM / AFLAS |
FKM vulgaris potest deficere in aminis, alkali fortibus, aqua calida, medio vaporis |
EPDM, FKM, FKM specialis, recensio PTFE |
Extra domum, ozonum, meteorizatio + resistentia olei moderata |
Cr |
EPDM non resistit oleo; NBR/HNBR/FKM meteorizatio minus bona |
EPDM, NBR, HNBR, FKM |
Usura alta, laceratio alta, fortitudo mechanica alta, sigillum dynamicum |
AU/EU polyurethane |
Ordinary rubber anti-extrusion, anti-abrasion, tear strength not sufficient |
NBR, XNBR, PTFE back-up ring, U-shape ring |
Fuel, oil and gas, low permeation, ozone, low-temperature composite balance |
ECO |
NBR ozone resistance and low permeation insufficient; FKM cost high or low-temperature insufficient |
NBR, HNBR, FKM, FVMQ |
This chart can be used as core content on the first screen of the page. Users are usually not searching to "learn material chemistry," but to judge: is the raw material selected correctly, and is there a more suitable substitute material?
ACM, acrylate rubber, is suitable for scenarios described as "high-temperature oil, engine oil, transmission fluid, media containing sulfur or additive lubricants."
Its main value is not "being more high-grade than FKM," but performing better in certain automotive oil environments against heat aging, oxidation aging, ozone. Parker 's material description explains ACM as having good resistance to mineral oil, oxygen and ozone, but water compatibility and low-temperature performance are inferior to NBR; Trelleborg also points out ACM is mainly used for automotive applications requiring high-temperature oil with additives.
Typical situations suited to using ACM:
Condicio Excitans |
Judgment Logic |
NBR hardens, cracks, compression set clearly manifests in hot oil |
ACM's positioning is more suitable than NBR for certain high-temperature oil products |
Working condition is engine oil, transmission oil, transmission seal, engine oil-related seal |
ACM commonly used for automotive oil seal, transmission seal, engine oil related seal |
Media is not water-based or strong chemical solvent |
ACM's strength is heat resistance, not water-based or strong chemical media |
Non vult ire directe ad pretium FKM |
ACM potest esse optio oeconomica ante FKM in quibusdam conditionibus operationis olei calidi |
ACM non est "materiale universale resistens oleo." Magis est materiale speciale pro oleo calido. Si problema oritur ex carburante, aromaticis, solventibus fortibus, aqua calida, vapore aut fragilitate temperaturae infimae, ACM forte non est responsum rectum.
Materiale praesens |
Manifestatio defectus |
Alternativum considerandum |
NBR |
Indurit in oleo calido, fissuras facit, vita brevis |
ACM, HNBR, FKM |
Acm |
Sigillatio temperaturae infimae mala |
AEM, HNBR, FKM specialis temperaturae infimae |
Acm |
Complexum chemicum, temperatus altior |
FKM, FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM, secundum qualitatem specificam |
Acm |
Ambiens aquae, liquidi refrigerantis, vaporis |
EPDM, FEPM/AFLAS, secundum qualitatem specificam |
AEM, caoutchouc acrylatus ethylenicus, nomina communia includunt Vamac.
Habet magnam superpositionem cum area applicationis ACM, sed AEM magis in discussione ponitur in motoribus automobilium, transmissionibus, ambienbus mixtis oleo-gas, ventilatione thermica et refrigeratione olei combustionis. Parker describit AEM ut materiam polymericam mixtam ex ethylene, acrylato methylico et monomeris loci curandi, et notat eam ut materiam polyacrylatis esteris latius performantem; data DuPont de Vamac etiam clare AEM in applicationibus automobilium poscuntibus resistentiam ad calorem, oleum motoris, oleum transmissionis et gas exhaustum (blow-by).
Operantes conditio |
Ratio electionis AEM |
Producta oleosa altae temperaturae + initium frigida |
AEM est solitum esse magis idoneum quam ACM pro dynamicis sigillis ad temperaturas infimas |
Camera motoris automotive, transmissio, ambientes ubi oleum et gas permixti sunt |
AEM iam maturum est in automotive calidis oleis, aere, et ambientes ubi oleum et gas permixti sunt |
ACM induratio ad temperaturas infimas vel perditio sigilli ad initium operationis |
AEM potest esse directio ad meliorandum proprietates ACM ad temperaturas infimas |
Necesse est aequilibrare resistentiam ad calorem, ad oleum, et ad ozonem |
AEM aequilibratio generalis est melior quam NBR vulgaris |
AEM non est FKM, nec FEPM. Non debet promoveri ut "materiale chemicum latissime universale." Si medium est acidum fortissimum, alkalium fortissimum, aminae, cetones, estera, vapor aquae calidus, aut media chemica complexa, AEM requirit validationem cautelosam.
Postulationem |
Materialis seligibilis |
Magis resistentis ad calorem quam NBR |
ACM, AEM, HNBR |
Temperatura inferior quam ACM |
AEM, HNBR, FKM ad temperaturas infimas |
Magis resistens chemice quam AEM |
FKM, FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
Minus pretiosa quam AEM |
NBR, NBR specialis, sed vita fortasse minuetur |
FEPM est elastomer copolymere de tetrafluoroethylene et propylene, et AFLAS est un de ses noms commerciaux courants.
Ceci est l'un des contenus les plus precieux de la page, car de nombreux utilisateurs croient erroneusement que "FKM/Viton est le plus resistant chimiquement O-ring ." Ce n'est pas entierement correct. Le FKM ordinaire peut echouer dans certaines amines, milieux alcalins forts, eau chaude, vapeur, certains additifs pour liquides de refroidissement ou produits chimiques a base d'huiles de chauffage et de refrigeration ou additifs specifiques, et FEPM/AFLAS est precisement la substitution adaptee pour ces cas limites.
Parker decrit FEPM/AFLAS comme un copolymere de TFE et de propylene, et souligne sa resistance exceptionnelle contre une large gamme de milieux corrosifs; les donnees d'AGC sur AFLAS le caracterisent egalement comme resistant a la chaleur, aux acides, aux alcalis/amines et a la vapeur chaude, et indiquent qu'il surpasse le FKM ordinaire en milieu fortement alcalin.
Condicio Excitans |
Judgment Logic |
FKM echoue dans les amines et les milieux alcalins |
FEPM/AFLAS est la direction alternative typique |
Aqua calida, vapor, additiva pro liquido refrigerante causant induratio vel fissura FKM |
AFLAS saepe utitur pro vapor, additiva pro liquido refrigerante, et casibus specialibus aquae calidae |
Medium continet H₂S, chemicas petrolei campos, lutum alkalina |
FEPM/AFLAS communis in petroleo et gas, chemicis, sigillis mechanicis, et similibus casibus |
Necesse est resistentia ad oleum/chemicas maior quam EPDM, et melior resistentia ad alkalies/acides quam FKM vulgaris |
FEPM/AFLAS est electio media |
FFKM carum nimis |
FEPM/AFLAS potest esse substitutum sub-altum-pro |
Data applicationis AGC etiam enumerat directiones applicationis AFLAS pro sigillatione semiconductorum, vaporis, camporum petrolei, sigillorum mechanicorum, refrigerantis motorum maritimorum, et sigillatione transmissionis, quae sunt casus "extra limites materiales vulgares."
Problema |
FKM |
FEPM/AFLAS |
Oleo altae temperaturae |
Valde Fortis |
Valde Fortis |
Aromaticas, oleum combustibile |
Solitum fortius, dependet ab gradu specifico |
Non necessario melior quam FKM, requirit experimenta |
Aminae |
FKM vulgaris vulnerabilis esse potest |
Solitum aptius |
Alkali fortis |
FKM vulgaris vulnerabilis esse potest |
Solitum aptius |
Aqua calida/vapor |
FKM vulgaris durare potest |
Solitum aptius |
Humilis Temperature |
FKM habet gradus frigidi |
Ordinario non est materies prioritatis frigidi |
Cost |
Alta |
Etiam alta, in quibusdam casibus inferior quam FFKM |
Scena |
Materia substituibilis |
Simplex aqua calida, vapor, sine oleo |
EPDM |
Aminae, alkalia, aqua calida + alta temperatura |
FEPM/AFLAS |
Extrema media chemica |
FFKM |
Sigillum staticum, dimensiones permittunt, sensibile ad pretium |
Anulus O inclusus PTFE |
Ordinary high-temperature oil |
FKM, HNBR, ACM/AEM |
Wording to avoid: do not write FEPM/AFLAS as "comprehensively better than FKM." A more accurate expression is:
FEPM/AFLAS is an important substitute material when ordinary FKM is not suitable for amines, alkali, hot water, steam or special additives.
CR, chloroprene rubber, also commonly called Neoprene.
CR's value lies in its balance: it is not the most oil-resistant, nor the most heat-resistant, nor even the most chemically resistant; yet it offers relatively balanced performance in cold resistance, ozone resistance, aging resistance, and moderate oil resistance. Parker notes that CR exhibits good ozone resistance, aging resistance, and chemical resistance, and maintains favorable mechanical properties across a relatively wide temperature range; Trelleborg likewise lists CR's advantages as ozone resistance, weathering resistance, chemical resistance, aging resistance, and sound mechanical properties.
Operantes conditio |
Value of CR |
Outdoor equipment exposed to air, ozone, and weather |
Superior weathering resistance compared to NBR |
Some contact with oil, but not in strong oil-immersion conditions |
More suitable for oil exposure than EPDM |
Refrigerant, adhesive, and general industrial environments |
CR has an established tradition of applications |
Requirement for inherent flame-retardant tendency or advantages over common rubbers |
CR habet praerogativam igni-retardantem super multas vulgares caoutchouc |
Pretium non vult attingere FKM/HNBR |
CR potest esse electio intermedia |
CR non idoneus est ut materies oleo-resistens praeclara, nec debet substituere FKM in mediis alti-temperaturae, combustibilis, solventium fortium aut chemicorum fortiter corrosivorum.
Problema praesens |
Directio Substitutionis |
CR non satis oleo-resistens est |
NBR, HNBR, FKM |
CR non satis alti-temperaturae-resistens est |
HNBR, FKM, AEM |
CR potest sustinere intempestivitates sed tantum cum aqua calida et vapore contactum habet |
EPDM |
CR media chemica complexa |
FKM, FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
CR usura gravis |
AU/EU, HNBR, XNBR |
AU/EU ad caoutchouc polyurethanum pertinent; AU saepe ad polyurethanum typi polyesters, EU saepe ad polyurethanum typi polyethers referunt.
Verba clavis polyurethani Anuli O non sunt "resistens chemicis" aut "resistens altis temperaturis," sed:
Resistentia ad usuram, resistentia ad lacerationem, alta fortitudo tractionis, resistentia ad extrusionem, duratio sigilli dynamicis.
Trelleborg describit proprietates polyurethani ut elasticitatem egregiam, optimam resistentiam ad abradendum, fortitudinem tractilem praestantem, compressionem minimam et bonam resistentiam ad oxygenium/ozonum; ERIKS etiam notat PUR et speciales XNBR optima praebere posse performance abradendi.
Condicio Excitans |
Judgment Logic |
Anulus O consumptus, sectus, morsus |
Hoc est typicum casus applicationis pro polyurethano |
Signum dynamicum, motus reciprocans, hydraulica pneumatica |
Valor abradendi et lacerandi PU manifestus est |
Defectus extrusionis sub alta pressione accidit |
PU magis resistens est damno mechanicis quam vulgo NBR |
Abrasio particalium rubberarum vulgarium, sabulum, abrasio metalli |
PU ut materia ad meliorandum abradendum uti potest |
Non corrosio chemica, sed abrasio mechanica |
Prioritas AU/EU, anulus subsidens, designus sulci |
Genus |
Focus |
AU, polyurethanum typi polyesterei |
Ordinario fortior resistentia mechanica et resistentia olei, sed magis cura ad periculum hydrolysis requiritur |
EU, polyurethanum typi polyetheris |
Ordinario aptius pro situatiunculis humidis, contactu aquae, aut periculo hydrolysis |
Materialia polyurethani typi polyetheris COG etiam aperte indicant anulos O EU meliorem habere resistentiam hydrolysi quam materialia AU, et esse durabiliora in mediis aquosis.
Anuli O polyurethani maxime facile abutuntur in sequentibus situatiunculis:
Scenariu non recommendatus |
Rationem |
Vapor ad altam temperaturam |
PU non est materialis prioritatis pro sigillis vaporis |
Acidum fortissimum, alkalinum fortissimum, aminae |
Faciliter degradatur chemicamente |
Operationem continuam ad altam temperaturam |
Limites temperaturales solent esse minus boni quam FKM, FEPM, FFKM |
Solum substitutione materialium ad solvendum extrusionem |
Claritas sulci, durities, anulus retro, apex pressionis aeque importantes |
Pagina polyurethanica debet iterare unum punctum: si causa defectus est abrasio, laceratio, extrusio, AU/ EU est significativa; si causa defectus est corrosio chimica, prioritas debet dari compatibilitati cum mediis.
ECO, ruber epichlorohydrinus, saepe adhibitus in systematibus intromissionis combustibilis, olei, et gas, in tubulis mollibus, in systematibus aeris frigidi, et in systematibus minuendi vibrationes in automobilibus
Hoc intellegi potest ut solutio aequilibrata quae resistit combustibili/oleo, habet permiabilitatem minimam, resistit ozono, et bene operatur ad temperaturas minimas, inter NBR, CR, et FKM. Data Zeon de Hydrin ECO describunt eum ut materiam aequilibratam cum resistentia ad calorem, oleum, combustibile, permiabilitatem minimam, resistentiam ad ozonum, et flexibilitatem ad temperaturas minimas; et applicationes enumerantur ut tubuli pro combustibili in automobilibus, systemata intromissionis, tubuli, systemata aeris frigidi, et systemata minuendi vibrationes; Osaka Soda quoque notat ruber epichlorohydrinus habere resistentiam ad oleum, proprietates ad temperaturas minimas, resistentiam ad ozonum, et proprietates barrierae contra combustibile/gas
Operantes conditio |
Valor ECO |
Combustibile, diesel, oleum, gas, vapor combustibilis |
ECO habet praevantagium in resistentia ad combustibile/oleum et permiabilitate minima |
NBR habet resistentiam ad ozonum, sed permiabilitas minima deficit |
ECO potest esse directio ad meliorationem |
FKM pretium nimis altum est aut performance in temperaturis frigidis insufficientis |
ECO potest esse solutio intermedia |
Necesse est aequilibrare producta olei, ozonem, temperaturas frigidas |
ECO est magis comprehensivum quam NBR purum |
Systema automotive pro combustibili, systema pro aspiratione, componentes pro hermetisatione |
ECO habet fundamentum applicationis maturum |
Materia |
Commodum |
Limitatio |
NBR |
Pretium parvum, fundamentum bonae resistentiae ad oleum |
Non est latissime resistens ad combustibilem, ozonem, permissio parva |
ECO |
Melius aequilibrata resistentia ad combustibilem, perminutio parva, resistentia ad ozonem |
Non est materies chemica late diffusa |
FKM |
Fortior resistentia ad altas temperaturas et ad chemica |
Pretium superius, et diminutio elasticitatis ad temperaturas inferiores |
FVMQ |
Praevelentia in condicionibus ad temperaturas inferiores et ad vaporem combustibilis |
Resistentia mechanica infirmior et aestimatio pretii necessaria |
ECO non debet scribi ut "substitutum pro FKM pretio minore." Accuratior sententia est:
ECO idoneus est in scenariis quae requirunt aequilibrium inter resistentiam ad combustibilem, ad olei-gas, ad perminutionem parvam et ad ozonem, sed non necessario requirunt capacitatem comprehensivam resistentiae chemicae FKM.
Hoc genus paginae maximam valorem structurae contenti habet cum construitur circa "media specialia" et "modos defectus," non circa alphabetum materialium.
Consideratio prioris ordinis:
HNBR : Resistentior ad calorem, ad oleum et ad aetatem mechanicam quam NBR.
Acm : Producta olei ad altas temperaturas, sigillum olei automotive, ambientes olei transmissionis.
Aem : Producta olei ad altas temperaturas, et quae meliorem frigus et generalem performancem automotive requirunt.
FKM : Ad altiores temperaturas, latior compatibilitas chemica.
Manualis materialium sigillantium ERIKS etiam accentuat quod additamenta in productis olei valde afficiunt compatibilitatem cum caoutchouco, praesertim in oleis syntheticis, oleis hydraulicis, oleis motoris et situatiunculis combustibilis; non licet materiales seligere solum per duo verba "resistens oleo".
Consideratio prioris ordinis:
Media |
Directio Recommandata |
Aqua calida vulgaris, vapor |
EPDM |
Aqua calida + oleum/additamentum/inhibitor corrosivus |
FEPM/AFLAS |
FKM durum in liquido refrigerante vel vapore |
FEPM/AFLAS |
Temperatura extrema et corrosio chemica |
FFKM |
Sigillum staticum, prioritas compatibilitatis chemicae |
Anulus O inclusus PTFE |
Nota: FKM non aequat "materiam prioritariam pro aqua calida et vapore." FKM, vapor, aminae, scenaria fortis alcalinitatis saepe excludunt FKM ordinarium.
Consideratio prioris ordinis:
Media |
Directio Recommandata |
Classis aminarum |
FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM, FKM partialiter resistens acido |
Alkali fortis |
FEPM/AFLAS, FKM |
Acidum dilutum |
Dependit a specie, concentratione, temperatura; potest esse FKM, FEPM, EPDM aut FFKM |
Acidus oxidans fortis |
Saepissime solutio FFKM, PTFE classis requiritur |
Purgatio alternans acidorum et alcalium |
Testatio liquida actualis necessaria est |
Evitanda est affirmatio quae dicit "certum materiale esse resistentia ad acida et alcalia." Acidum, alcalium, concentratio, temperatus, duratio et systemata purgatoria omnino diversa sunt; eventus contrarii fieri possunt.
Consideratio prioris ordinis:
Postula |
Directio Recommandata |
Combustibile ordinarium, pretium parvum |
NBR, NBR speciale |
Permeatio parva, resistens ozono, aequilibrium inter combustibile et gas |
ECO |
Combustibile ad altam temperaturam, aromatica, vapor combustibilis |
FVMQ, ECO, special FKM |
Low-temperature fuel sealing |
FVMQ, ECO, special FKM |
Biodiesel, alcohol-containing fuel |
Must be verified per specific fuel formulation |
ERIKS also points out fuel is a complex mixture, and sealing material selection needs to consider differences of aromatics, alcohol type, additives, etc, usually needing testing verification.
Consideratio prioris ordinis:
Manifestatio defectus |
Directio Recommandata |
O-ring surface worn flat |
AU/EU, HNBR, XNBR |
Bitten off after being pushed into clearance |
Higher hardness PU, HNBR, back-up ring, reduce clearance |
Reciprocating motion wear |
PU, anulus in forma U, sigillum combinatum |
Usum ab lutum, pulvis, particulae |
PU, anulus contra pulverem, protectio structurae |
Impulsus ad altam pressionem |
Co-designium materiae + sulci + anuli retentivi |
Hic accentus ponendus est: multae "defectiones materiae" revera sunt defectus structurales. Si dimensio sulci, quantitas compressionis, interstitium, asperitas superficiei, lubricatio et valor maximus pressionis non sunt rationabiles, mutatio materiae etiam pretiosissimae fortasse problemata non solvet.
Causa defectus NBR |
Materiale substitutivum |
Aging in hot oil |
HNBR, ACM, AEM, FKM |
Fuel permeation or ozone cracking |
ECO, FKM, FVMQ |
Severe dynamic wear |
AU/EU, HNBR, XNBR |
Insufficient weathering |
CR, HNBR, ECO |
Complex chemical media |
FKM, FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
FKM Failure Reason |
Materiale substitutivum |
Amine media |
FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM, amine-resistant FKM |
Alkali fortis |
FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
Hot water steam hardening |
FEPM/AFLAS, EPDM, FFKM |
Low-temperature leakage |
Low-temperature FKM, FVMQ, AEM, ECO |
Excessive cost |
ACM, AEM, HNBR, ECO, depends on media |
Causa defectus EPDM |
Materiale substitutivum |
Inflatio propter contactum cum oleo minerali |
NBR, HNBR, ACM, AEM, FKM |
Aqua calida oleum vel aditiva continet |
FEPM/AFLAS |
Necessaria est resistentia ad intemperiem et parvum oleum |
Cr |
Media chemica fortia |
FKM, FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
Causa defectus HNBR |
Materiale substitutivum |
Temperatura olei calidi altior |
ACM, AEM, FKM |
Abrasio gravis aut extrusio |
AU/EU, anulus subsidens |
Amina aut alkali fortis |
FEPM/AFLAS, FFKM |
Requisitum permeationis carburantis exiguum, altum |
ECO, FKM, FVMQ |
Huiusmodi pagina in fine tabulam "citatonis pretii/campi electionis" ponere debet, ut traficum in consultationem efficacem convertat.
Campo |
Cur Est Importans |
Nomen medii |
"Oleum/aqua/acis" nimis latum est; medium specificum declarare oportet |
Concentratio medii |
Acidum-alkali, agens purgans, solventia praesertim critica |
Temperatura continua et maxima |
Temperatura maxima potest determinare vitam materiae |
Sigillum staticum aut dynamicum |
AU/EU, HNBR et similia ad electionem pertinent |
Pressio et fluctuatio pressionis |
Pressio alta fortasse annulum subsidium vel mutationem structuralem requirit |
Dimensio sulci et ratio compressionis |
Multae perditiones non sunt problemata materiae |
Utrum ad ozonum, UV, ambientes exteriores exponatur |
CR, EPDM, ECO, HNBR ad electionem pertinent |
Utrum sit carburans, alcohol, biodiesel |
ECO, FKM, FVMQ, NBR selection related |
Whether there is cleaning agent, additive, corrosion inhibitor |
Impact on FKM, EPDM, FEPM etc significant |
Necessariae probationes |
Food, drinking water, automotive, semiconductor and other limit brand names |
Trelleborg's compatibility explanation also emphasizes that rubber and media's actual performance is affected by temperature, pressure, media composition, mechanical properties and other factors; laboratory compatibility tables cannot fully substitute for actual working condition testing.
Both are usable for automotive oil products and high-temperature environments. Generally, ACM is more suited to high-temperature hot oil applications, AEM emphasizes low temperature and blow-by comprehensive performance in the automotive environment. The specific choice should look at oil product type, temperature, low-temperature startup requirement and seal form.
Hoc potest substitui in quibusdam mediis specialibus, ut aminae, alkalia, aqua calida, vapor, media continens aditivos liquidi refrigerantis; sed non est perfecta emendatio pro omnibus conditionibus operationis FKM. Oleum combustibile, temperatus frigus, pretium et tractabilitas adhuc separatim aestimandae sunt.
Polyurethanum saepe est excellentissimum materiale elastomerum pro resistencia attritioni et alta fortitudine mechanica, aptum pro attritione dynamica, laceratione alta et scenariis anti-extrusionis. Sed non idoneum est pro vapore calido alti gradus, acido fortissimo, alkali fortissimo aut mediis chemicis latissimis.
Yes. CR's advantage is the balance of weathering, ozone resistance, mechanical properties and a certain oil resistance. It is suitable for some outdoor, moderate oil, refrigeration or general industrial environments, but should not substitute for FKM, HNBR or FEPM used in high-end chemical or high-temperature oil conditions.
ECO can be seen as an intermediate balanced material between NBR and FKM, especially suitable for scenarios requiring simultaneous fuel, oil-gas, low permeation, ozone resistance and low-temperature performance. But if temperature and chemical corrosion resistance requirements are very high, may need to switch to FKM, FVMQ or FFKM.
Salve in HOVOO, fabbrica sigilli Sinensis. Productio sigillorum PU, Rubber et PTFE. Sigilla comprehendunt circulum o, sigillum pistilli, sigillum virgae, circulum Gray et sigillum gas.
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